India has a rich and diverse historical background. It is a unique blend of different cultures, religions, beliefs and ideas. To present a brief history of India is not an easy task as one would have to forgo many important landmarks and achievements in order to present a concise history of India. However, we have made an attempt to present a brief Indian history covering all the important events. India is home to one of the oldest civilizations in the world, i.e. the Indus Valley Civilization. The major sites that saw the emergence of this civilization are Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal and Harappa. This civilization laid the foundation for the development of societies and a further enlarged and complex form of life. This is followed by the advent of the Aryans in the Indian sub continent. This phase is known as the Vedic phase and the one before that is known as the Pre-Vedic phase. The Vedic phase gave rise to Hinduism and this is the time the Vedas came into being.
MAHATMA GANDHI
Some of the major movements and freedom struggles led by him for united India.
Non Co-operation Movement
One of the first series of non violent protests nationwide was the non cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi. This movement officially started the Gandhian era in India. In this freedom struggle, the non cooperation movement was basically aimed at making the Indians aware of the fact that the British government can be opposed and if done actively, it will keep a check on them. Thus, educational institutions were boycotted, foreign goods were boycotted, and people let go off their nominated seats in government institutions. Though the movement failed, Indians awakened to the concept of going against the British.
Civil Disobedience Movement
Gandhi again took off with another non violent movement known as the civil disobedience movement. This movement was more active than the non cooperation movement and brought about a revolution of sorts. This movement aimed at bringing the British administration to a stop by withdrawing support from everything. There was agitation against land revenue, abolition of salt tax, cutting down military expenditure, levying duty on foreign cloth, etc. A very important movement was that of Salt Satyagraha where Gandhi undertook the Dandi march as a protest against the Salt tax.
Quit India Movement
The Quit India Movement was launched under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in August 1942. The main aim for launching this movement was to bring the British to negotiate with the Indian leaders. It was a call for immediate independence of India and the slogan of "Do or Die" was adopted for the same. However the leaders were arrested soon after Gandhi's speech and were put in jail by British officials. Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days demanding the release of the leaders despite his failing health. The British had to secure the release of the leaders.
India Independence
After the Quit India Movement the freedom struggle got even more intense and passionate. Entire India was united together in the movement for freedom. Everyone contributed what they could in the freedom struggle. The cry of Purna Swaraj or complete independence was raised. After much sacrifices and efforts, India gained its independence on
Non Co-operation Movement
One of the first series of non violent protests nationwide was the non cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi. This movement officially started the Gandhian era in India. In this freedom struggle, the non cooperation movement was basically aimed at making the Indians aware of the fact that the British government can be opposed and if done actively, it will keep a check on them. Thus, educational institutions were boycotted, foreign goods were boycotted, and people let go off their nominated seats in government institutions. Though the movement failed, Indians awakened to the concept of going against the British.
Civil Disobedience Movement
Gandhi again took off with another non violent movement known as the civil disobedience movement. This movement was more active than the non cooperation movement and brought about a revolution of sorts. This movement aimed at bringing the British administration to a stop by withdrawing support from everything. There was agitation against land revenue, abolition of salt tax, cutting down military expenditure, levying duty on foreign cloth, etc. A very important movement was that of Salt Satyagraha where Gandhi undertook the Dandi march as a protest against the Salt tax.
Quit India Movement
The Quit India Movement was launched under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in August 1942. The main aim for launching this movement was to bring the British to negotiate with the Indian leaders. It was a call for immediate independence of India and the slogan of "Do or Die" was adopted for the same. However the leaders were arrested soon after Gandhi's speech and were put in jail by British officials. Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days demanding the release of the leaders despite his failing health. The British had to secure the release of the leaders.
India Independence
After the Quit India Movement the freedom struggle got even more intense and passionate. Entire India was united together in the movement for freedom. Everyone contributed what they could in the freedom struggle. The cry of Purna Swaraj or complete independence was raised. After much sacrifices and efforts, India gained its independence on
15th August, 1947.
let me take this oppurtunity to pay homage to those who laid down their lives for the safety and security of our India.
its only because of their effort our India changed to "independent India".
its only because of their effort our India changed to "independent India".
INDIA AFTER 1947
India, seventh largest country in the world consisting of 28 states,6 union territories and 1 capital territory.
| Current Population Of India | 1,065,070,607 (July 2004 est.) |
| Population Density of India | 324 persons per square kilometre |
| Age structure | |
| 0 to 14 years | 31.7% (male 173,869,856; female 164,003,915) |
| 15 to 64 years | 63.5% (male 349,785,804; female 326,289,402) |
| 65 years and over | 4.8% (male 25,885,725; female 25,235,905) (2004 estimate) |
| Birth rate | 22.8 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Death rate | 8.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est. |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Indo-Aryan | 72% |
| Dravidian | 25% |
| Mongoloid and other's | 3% (2000) |
| Religions | |
| Hindu | 81.3% |
| Muslim | 12% |
| Christian | 2.3% |
| Sikh | 1.9% |
| Other groups including Buddhist, Jain, Parsi | 2.5% (2000) |
Languages: Hindi is the official language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language.but English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication.
The right to freedom is one of the most important fundamental right that have been granted to us by the founders of Indian Constitution. This right allow every citizen of India to be free from the ancient form of slavery. This fundamental right is described in the constitution as:
All citizens shall have the right-
All citizens shall have the right-
- To freedom of speech and expression;
- To assemble peaceably and without arms;
- To form associations or unions;
- To move freely throughout the territory of India;
- To reside and settle in any part of the territory of India;
- to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business
the Cultural and Educational Rights is one of the six fundamental right that have been granted to us in the Indian Constitution. This right allow every citizen of India to have a cultural and education upto where that person wants. This fundamental right is described in the constitution as:
Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part there of having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of any educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.
The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.
Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part there of having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of any educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.
The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.
The right to equality is one of the six rights that have been granted to us. In the Indian Constitution this right have been described as:
The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.
Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
Equal opportunity for all:
There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory prior to such employment or appointment.
Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.
Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination.
The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.
Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
Equal opportunity for all:
There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory prior to such employment or appointment.
Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.
Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination.
Indian economy
Indian Economy has covered a long ground since it was liberalized in 1991. Today, India has the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) behind only the USA, China, and Japan. It is slated to overtake Japan and become the third major economic power in the next ten years. India is also one of the few markets in the world which offers high prospects for growth and earning potential in practically all areas of business. Indian economic growth has been among the fastest in the world in the recent years.
India was a highly protected, semi-socialist autarkic economy till 1991. There were numerous structural and bureaucratic impediments in setting up a new business and foreign investment was not welcomed. The opening up of the Indian economy in 1991, unleashed the latent entrepreneurial talent of the Indian and in less than two decades India has established itself as the next economic superpower of the world.
Indian Economy grew at an annual average growth of 7.6 per cent during the Tenth Plan and has set a target of 9 per cent for the Eleventh Five Year Plan. One of the landmark structural changes achieved by Indian economy is that today services sector contributes more than 50% of India's GDP, which is a general characteristic of any developed economy. For the financial year 2006-07, the share of services, industry, and agriculture in India's GDP was 55.1 per cent, 26.4 per cent, and 18.5 per cent respectively.
One of the notable features of economic growth in India is the sharp rise in the rate of investment in the economy. Investment, in general being a forward looking variable, reflects a high degree of business optimism. The sharp increase in investment rate has sustained the industrial performance and reinforces the outlook for growth.
The rapid economic growth of the last few years has put heavy stress on India's infrastructural facilities. The shortage on infrastructure front such as power shortfall, port traffic capacity mismatch, poor road conditions, and low telephone penetration threaten to derail Indian success story. Apart from addressing the above problems some other steps such as labour reforms and administrative reforms need to be taken urgently if we have to sustain higher levels of economic growth. The government also needs to ensure that the economic growth is equitable as lopsided economic growth may result in social unrest and may undo all the good work achieved as a result of economic reforms.
India was a highly protected, semi-socialist autarkic economy till 1991. There were numerous structural and bureaucratic impediments in setting up a new business and foreign investment was not welcomed. The opening up of the Indian economy in 1991, unleashed the latent entrepreneurial talent of the Indian and in less than two decades India has established itself as the next economic superpower of the world.
Indian Economy grew at an annual average growth of 7.6 per cent during the Tenth Plan and has set a target of 9 per cent for the Eleventh Five Year Plan. One of the landmark structural changes achieved by Indian economy is that today services sector contributes more than 50% of India's GDP, which is a general characteristic of any developed economy. For the financial year 2006-07, the share of services, industry, and agriculture in India's GDP was 55.1 per cent, 26.4 per cent, and 18.5 per cent respectively.
One of the notable features of economic growth in India is the sharp rise in the rate of investment in the economy. Investment, in general being a forward looking variable, reflects a high degree of business optimism. The sharp increase in investment rate has sustained the industrial performance and reinforces the outlook for growth.
The rapid economic growth of the last few years has put heavy stress on India's infrastructural facilities. The shortage on infrastructure front such as power shortfall, port traffic capacity mismatch, poor road conditions, and low telephone penetration threaten to derail Indian success story. Apart from addressing the above problems some other steps such as labour reforms and administrative reforms need to be taken urgently if we have to sustain higher levels of economic growth. The government also needs to ensure that the economic growth is equitable as lopsided economic growth may result in social unrest and may undo all the good work achieved as a result of economic reforms.
Terrorism in India is primarily attributable some religious communities and Naxalite radical movements.
The regions with long term terrorist activities today are Jammu and Kashmir, Mumbai, Central India (Naxalism) and Seven Sister States (independence and autonomy movements). In the past, the Punjab insurgency led to militant activities in the Indian state of Punjab as well as the national capital Delhi.
As of 2006, at least 232 of the country’s 608 districts were afflicted, at differing intensities, by various insurgent and terrorist movements. In August 2008, National Security Advisor M K Narayanan has said that there are as many as 800 terrorist cells operating in the country.
MUMBAI
Terrorist attacks in Mumbai include:
- 12 March 1993 - Series of 13 bombs go off killing 257
- 6 December 2002 - Bomb goes off in a bus in Ghatkopar killing 2
- 27 January 2003 - Bomb goes off on a bicycle in Vile Parle killing 1
- 14 March 2003 - Bomb goes off in a train in Mulund killing 10
- 28 July 2003 - Bomb goes off in a bus in Ghatkopar killing 4
- 25 August 2003 - Two Bombs go off in cars near the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar killing 50
- 11 July 2006 - Series of seven bombs go off in trains killing 209
- 26 November 2008 to 29 November 2008 - Coordinated series of attacks killing at least 172.
On 13 February 2010, a bomb explosion at the German Bakery in Pune killed fourteen people, and injured at least 60 more.
Following is the list of terrorist organisations which are currently banned in India. Some of them may now be inactive.
- United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA)
- National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) in Assam
- People’s Liberation Army
- United National Liberation Front (UNLF)
- People’s Revolutionary party of Kangleipak (PREPAK)
- Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP)
- Kanglei Yaol Kanba Lup (KYKL)
- Manipur People’s Liberation Front (MPLF)
- Revolutionary People’s Front (RPF) in Manipur
- All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF)
- National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) in Tripura
- Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC)
- Achik National Volunteer Council (ANVC) in Meghalaya
- Babbar Khalsa International
- Khalistan Commando Force
- International Sikh Youth Federation
- Lashkar-e-Taiba/Pasban-E-Ahle Hadis
- Jaish-e-Mohammed/Tahrik-E-Furqan
- Harkat-ul-Mujahideen/Harkar-Ul-Ansar/Karkat-Ul-Jehad-E-Islami
- Hizb-ul-Mujahideen/Hizb-Ul-Mujahideen Pir Panjal Regiment
- Al-Umar-Mujahideen
- Jammu And Kashmir Islamic Front
- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
- Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI)
- Deendar Anjuman
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)-People’s War, All Its Formations And Front Organisations
- Maoist Communist Centre (MCC), All Its Formations And Front Organisations
- Al-Badr (India)
- Jamiat-Ul-Mujahidde[1]
- Al-Qaida
- Dukhtaran-E-Millat (DEM)
- Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)
- Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT)
- Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj (ABNES)
my question for all Indians
can unity save India?????????
yes of course.............
come citizens.........LETS UNITE to form a new INDIA
MERA BHARAT MAHAN!!!!!!!!!
BE PROUD TO BE AN INDIAN!!!!!!!!!!!!!
JAI HIND!!!!!!!!!!!!
should read this!!!!!!!!
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